Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for youth joining gangs?

Academic achievement is not considered a risk factor for youth joining gangs. In fact, higher levels of academic achievement are often correlated with lower rates of gang affiliation. Youth who perform well academically may have positive aspirations and better opportunities for the future, which can act as protective factors against gang involvement.

On the other hand, family problems such as instability, neglect, or conflict can increase a young person's vulnerability to gang recruitment. Similarly, peer influence plays a significant role, as youth may be drawn into gangs by friends or social circles that advocate gang membership. Lastly, the community environment also impacts gang involvement; areas with high crime rates, poverty, and lack of opportunity can foster conditions that make joining a gang seem more appealing to youth.